Archives for Chemistry Experiments of 1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium chloride

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A set of molecules including a majority of metal-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes (metal=Ag, Cu, and Au) and azolium salts were evaluated by high-throughput screening of their activity against biofilm formation associated with pathogenic bacteria. The anti-planktonic effects were compared in parallel. Representative biofilm-forming strains of various genera were selected (Listeria, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia). All the compounds were tested at 1 mg-L-1 by using the BioFilm Ring Test. An information score (IS, sum of the activities) and an activity score (AS, difference between anti-biofilm and anti-planktonic activity) were determined from normalized experimental values to classify the most active molecules against the panel of bacterial strains. With this method we identified lipophilic AgI and CuI complexes possessing aromatic groups on the NHC ligand as the most efficient at inhibiting biofilm formation. Film screening: Metal-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of group 11 metals (Ag, Au, Cu) strongly inhibit biofilm formation by representative pathogenic bacteria at low concentrations. The highest and broadest activities are obtained with silver as the metal complexed with lipophilic NHCs. This opens new perspectives to develop alternative drugs to treat biofilm-associated pathogens.

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We report herein an imido ligand 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl) imidazolin-2-imine (ImDippNH) that can form a very short Dy-N bond (2.12 A) with the dysprosium(iii) ion, which leads to a much larger effective energy barrier for magnetisation reversal (803 K) compared to the analogous alkoxide ligand (53 K). Moreover, we predict that a linear two-coordinate [Dy(ImDippN)2]+ complex may have an effective energy barrier larger than 4000 K.

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Copper(i) N-heterocyclic carbene has a good activity towards aryl halides and was used as a model complex to study the catalytic cycle of Cu(i) to catalyze the cross C-S coupling reaction because the N-heterocyclic carbene has a strong electron donating property, and ligand dissociation can be avoided. Free radical scavenger cumene does not retard the yield of the reaction indicating that the catalytic reaction goes through a non free radical path. Switching the solvent from toluene to DMF lowered the yield of the reaction. DFT calculation shows that the activation of aryl halide is the rate determining step, and the activation energy is higher for the reaction in DMF than in toluene. A plausible catalytic cycle is proposed with the support of DFT calculation.

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Archives for Chemistry Experiments of 1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium chloride

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Herein is described a mechanochemical one-pot two-step procedure giving access to various NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) precursors. This original approach enabled the production of the widely used IPr·HCl, IMes·HCl, Io-Tol·HCl and ICy·HCl in much better yields than conventional solvent-based procedures, while the environmental impact was drastically reduced.

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(Chemical Equation Presented) Thermal stability of CO2 adducts of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) was studied by means of in situ FTIR method with monitoring of the nu(CO2) region of the infrared spectra under various conditions. 1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolinium-2-carboxylate (SIPr-CO2) shows higher thermal stability compared with 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium-2-carboxylate (IPr-CO2). The presence of free CO2 can significantly inhibit the decomposition of NHC-CO2 adducts, while the addition of an epoxide such as propylene oxide has a negative effect on stabilizing these adducts. As zwitterionic compounds, NHC-CO2 adducts were also proved to be effective organic catalysts for the coupling reaction of CO2 and epoxides to afford cyclic carbonates, for which a possible mechanism was proposed. Among these NHC-CO2 adducts, the relatively unstable IPr-CO2 exhibits the highest catalytic activity. The presence of an electrophile such as SalenAlEt could greatly improve the catalytic activity of IPr-CO2 due to intermolecular cooperative catalysis of the binary components.

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Detailed studies of the reactivity of the NHC-stabilized (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) silicon(II) halides SiI2(Idipp) (1) and SiClR(IMe4) (2-Trip: R = ArTrip; 2-Mes: R = ArMes) towards diazoalkanes and azides are presented (Idipp = C[N(C6H3?2,6-iPr2)CH]2, IMe4= C[N(Me)CMe]2, ArTrip= C6H3-2,6-Trip2, ArMes= C6H3-2,6-Mes2, Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3, Mes = C6H2-2,4,6-Me3). Treatment of 1, 2-Trip, and 2-Mes with the diazoalkanes (p-Tol)2CN2(p-Tol = C6H4-4-Me) and ArMesCHN2afforded the NHC-stabilized silazines SiI2{N2C(p-Tol)2}(Idipp) (3) and SiClR{N2CH(ArMes)}(IMe4) (4-Trip: R = ArTrip, 4-Mes: R = ArMes) as orange to yellow solids, respectively. No N2elimination from the diazoalkanes was observed in these reactions. In comparison, the reactions of 1 or 2-Trip with the covalent azides MesN3or Me3SiN3, yielded after N2elimination the yellow to colorless NHC-stabilized silaimines SiI2(NMes)(Idipp) (5), Si(ArTrip)Cl(NMes)(IMe4) (6) and Si(ArTrip)(N3)(NSiMe3)(IMe4) (7), respectively. All compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, the molecular structures of 4-Mes, 5, 6, and 7 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.

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Ni(ii) dihalides bearing two different or identical NHC ligands have been prepared via a controlled indene elimination synthesis, and the former product provides a new route for the design of biscarbene Ni(ii)-based catalysts. The indene elimination reaction of the indenynickel(ii) complex (1-H-Ind)Ni(NHC)X (Ind = indenyl) with one equiv. of a distinct imidazolium salt at 100 C afforded the first example of Ni(ii) dihalides bearing two different NHC ligands, i.e., Ni(iPr)(IPr)X2 [iPr = 1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2- ylidene, IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), X = Cl, 1; X = Br, 2] and Ni(iPr)(IMes)Br2 [IMes = 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazol-2- ylidene, 3]. Alternatively, complexes 1-3 can be synthesized using a bis-indenyl Ni(ii) complex (1-H-Ind)2Ni as starting materials via a step-by-step indene elimination at different reaction temperatures. The direct reaction of (1-R-Ind)2Ni (R = H or Me) with two equiv. of imidazolium salts at 100 C afforded Ni(ii) dihalides bearing two identical NHC ligands, i.e., Ni(iPr)X2 (X = Cl, 4; X = Br, 5) and Ni(IPr)Cl2 (6). All of these complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography for complexes 1-5. The two identical or different NHC ligands in complexes 1-6 changed the coordination sphere of the nickel center from a typical square-planar geometry to a slightly tetrahedral array. A preliminary catalytic study on the cross-coupling reactions of aryl Grignard reagents with aryl halides revealed that complexes 1 and 2 possess the highest activity. In comparison, complexes 3 and 6 exhibited moderate activity and the least active complexes were 4 and 5.

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A series of N-heterocyclic carbene-palladium(ii) chlorides-1-methylindazole and -1-methylpyrazole complexes was successfully synthesized and fully characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction. In addition, initial investigations of their catalytic activity showed that they were efficient catalysts in the C-N coupling of primary and secondary amines with aryl chlorides at low catalyst loadings.

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A series of aryl-palladium-NHC compounds was prepared according to the reported methods and their catalytic activity in the carbonylation of aryl iodides to synthesize alpha-keto amides and alkynones was examined. These practical aryl-palladium-NHC complexes have shown highly efficient catalyzed carbonylation and Sonogashira carbonylation reactions, with high turnover number in synthesis of alpha-keto amides (TON = 4300) and in synthesis of alkynones (TON = 980).

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The iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl sulfamates and tosylates has been achieved with primary and secondary alkyl Grignards. This study of iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions also examines the isomerization and beta-hydride elimination problems that are associated with the use of isopropyl nucleophiles. While a variety of iron sources were competent in the reaction, the use of FeF3·3H2O was critical to minimize nucleophile isomerization.

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