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Reaction of 1, 2 or 3 equivalents of (diphenylphosphino)acetophenone, Ph2PCH2C(O)Ph (L), with in toluene afforded selectively 1, 2 or 3, respectively.Complex 1 hydrogenates and isomerises hex-1-ene at atmospheric hydrogen pressure, whereas 2 is inactive.Complex 3 exhibits a dynamic behaviour on the 1H NMR time-scale which corresponds to exchange between chelating and terminally bound phosphines.The activation energy of this process was calculated to be 63.7 +/- 0.7 kJ mol-1.Reaction of 3 with TIPF6 in CH2Cl2 gave 9 which reacted with a second equivalent of TIPF6 in MeCN to give the dicationic complex 10.The fac and mer isomers of the tris(enolato) Ru(II) complex 11a and 11b were obtained by reaction of 9 with NaH in tetrahydrofuran (thf).Treatment of 3 with NaOMe in toluene afforded selectively 11b, which has been crystallised by addition of 1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxacyclopentadecane (15-crown-5) to give 12.Protonation of 11b with HBF4*Et2O gave the neutral intermediate 13, characterised spectroscopically, and the final product 14.Treatment of with 2 equivalents of L yielded the ruthenium(III) complex 15, which was easily reduced to the ruthenium(II) complex 2.The solid state structures of complexes 2, 10 and 12 have been determined by single crystal X-ray analysis.The co-ordination of the metal in 2 and 10 is slightly distorted octahedral with the two phosphorous atoms (and oxygen atoms) in a cis position and the chloride and acetonitrile ligands, respectively, in a trans position.In the chiral anion of complex 12 the distorted octahedral structure has a meridional arrangement of the P atoms and electronic delocalisation occurs within the chelating phosphino enolate ligands.

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Some ion-formation processes during fast atom bombardment (FAB) are discussed, especially the possibility of reactions in the gas phase.Divided (two halves) FAB probe tips were used for introducing two different samples into the source at the same time.Our results showed + ions (where M = crown ethers and A = alkali metal ions), can be produced, at least in part, in the gas phase when crown ethers and sources of alkali metal ion are placed on two halves of the FAB probe tips.The extent of this ion formation depends on the volatility of the crown ether and on steric factors.Cluster ions such as (M + LiCl)Li+, (2M + LiCl)Li+, <2M + K>+ and <2M + Na>+ are also observed to form in the gas phase.Unimolecular decompositions contribute to some ions detected in FAB.When the alkali ion salt and the crown ether are mixed together the probability of + ion formation increases significantly, regardless of the volatility of the crown ether.

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In this work, we illustrated a novel design strategy that allows systematically tunable interior properties (effective cavity size, steric crowdedness, and hydrophobicity) contained within a novel class of shape-persistent aromatic pentamers to take place on a scale below 3 A. Such finely tunable structural features are complimented by experimentally observable functional variations in ion-binding potential. Results of the selective, differential binding affinities of three circular pentamers for Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs +, substantiated by metal-containing crystal structures and computational modeling, are detailed.

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Ion chromatographic behavior of common mono- and divalent cations (Li +, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg 2+ and Ca2+) on columns packed with silica gels (Super Micro Bead Silica Gel B-5, SMBSG B-5) calcinated at 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000C for 5 h was investigated using nitric acid containing crown ethers [18-crown-6 (1,4,7,10,13,15-hexaoxacyclooctadecane) and 15-crown-5 (1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxacyclopentadecane)] as eluent. When using 0.5 mM HNO 3 as the eluent, the calcination had almost no effect on the improvement of peak resolution between these mono- and divalent cations. In contrast, when using 0.5 mM HNO3 containing crown ethers as the eluent, with increasing the calcinating temperature, the amount of crown ethers adsorbed on the corresponding calcinated SMBSG B-5 silica gels columns increased and, as a consequence, peak resolution between these mono- and divalent cations was quite improved. Excellent simultaneous separation of these mono- and divalent cations was achieved on column (150×4.6 mm I.D.) packed with the SMBSG B-5 silica gel calcinated at 1000C by elution with 0.5 mM HNO3 containing either 1.0 mM 18-crown-6 or 5.0 mM 15-crown-5.

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Reaction of an aqua regia solution of gold metal with 15-crown-5 and its derivatives results in the formation of the hydrogen bonded aggregates [H7O3][AuCl4]·15-crown-5 1 and [H5O2][AuCl4]-(benzo-15-crown-5)2 2; complex 1 exhibits a complex, cross-linked structure in which the H7O3+ unit hydrogen bonds to two adjacent crown ethers and a chloride ligand of the anion; the AuIII centre also engages in long-range interactions wtih the crown oxygen atoms.

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The reaction of anhydrous TaCl5, chlorides of ammonium or alkaline metals, and 15-crown-5 in acetonitrile proceeds with the formation of intra- (Li, Na) and out-of-cavity (K, NH4) [(15-crown-5) · Li · CH3CN][TaCl6], [Na · (15-crown-5)][TaCl6], and [M · (15-CrOWn-5)2][TaCl6] (M = K+, NH4+) compounds. This process is also accompanied by a simultaneous cleavage of part of the macrocycle molecules, which leads to water formation and hydrolysis. One of the complexes formed as a result of hydrolysis, [(15-crown-5) · Li · CH3CN]2[Cl5TaOTaCl5], was isolated.

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Crown lactones may be reduced to crown ethers using lithium aluminium hydride.

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Chiral Catalysts,
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Self-decomposition of K-, K+(15-crown-5)2 tetrahydrofuran solution results in dipotassium tetraethylene glycoxide and ethylene as the main reaction products. Dipotassium triethylene glycoxide, potassium tetraethylene glycoxide vinyl ether, potassium butoxide and potassium ethoxide are found as secondary products of the reaction. Organometallic intermediate compounds formed in the studied process are very reactive and their life-times are short. The mechanism of decomposition reactions is proposed. The course of the process is found to be different from that presented earlier in the literature for the K-, K+(18-crown-6) system.

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Complex formation between 15-crown-5 and malononitrile was studied in twelve solvents by calorimetry.Thermodynamic parameters for the crown ether adduct were determined and used in a LFER analysis to ascertain the solvent effects on the complexation process.Enthalpy of solution data show that malononitrile is solvated by electron pair donation by the solvents and the crown ether is solvated by donating electron pairs to the solvents.The complex is more solvated than the monomers. – Key words: Solvation; crown ether; thermodynamic parameters; malononitrile.

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Chiral Catalysts,
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The values of the 1J(199Hg199Hg) coupling constant in solution of the asymmetric dimercury(2+) complexes with the stoichiometries Hg22+/18-crown-6 and Hg22+/18-crown-6/15-crown-5 are 220 300 and 284 100 Hz, respectively, representing the largest scalar couplings measured.

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