Chiral catalyst

The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《Dynamic changes of volatile and phenolic components during the whole manufacturing process of Wuyi Rock tea (Rougui)》. Authors are Liu, Zhibin; Chen, Fuchen; Sun, Jinyuan; Ni, Li.The article about the compound:2-Ethylpyrazinecas:13925-00-3,SMILESS:CCC1=NC=CN=C1).Electric Literature of C6H8N2. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:13925-00-3) is conveyed.

Wuyi Rock tea (WRT), a top-ranking oolong tea, possesses characteristic woody, floral, nutty flavor. WRT flavor is mainly formed during the manufacturing process. However, details regarding its formation process are not fully understood yet. In this study, the dynamics of volatile and phenolic components over the whole manufacturing process of WRT were investigated. During withering, despite minor changes in volatile and phenolic components, the central vacuole shrunk remarkably, which reduced the cell mech. performance and facilitated the subsequent enzymic fermentation During fermentation, approx. 78% of flavan-3-ols in fresh tea leaves were oxidized and converted to a diverse mixture of highly heterogeneous oxidation products, such as theaflavins, whereas flavonols, phenolic acids, and xanthine alkaloids remained stable throughout the manufacturing process. Aldehydes, ketones, and heterocyclic compounds, imparting woody, floral, and nutty scent, were mainly formed during the roasting steps. This detailed information can expand our understanding on the formation of WRT flavor.

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Reference:
Chiral Catalysts,
Chiral catalysts – SlideShare

The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《4-Hydroxypipecolic acid from Acacia species, and its stereoisomers》. Authors are Clark-Lewis, J. W.; Mortimer, P. I..The article about the compound:4-Hydroxypicolinic acidcas:22468-26-4,SMILESS:O=C(O)C1=NC=CC(O)=C1).Safety of 4-Hydroxypicolinic acid. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:22468-26-4) is conveyed.

The title compound was isolated on a preparative scale from Acacia oswaldii leaves and separated from the accompanying acids through the Et2O soluble N-nitroso derivative (I). Hydrolysis of I and separation on an ion exchange column gave (-)-pipecolic acid (II) and the hydroxy acid, which was shown by unequivocal degradations to be (-)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-pipecolic acid (III). III was converted by stereospecific transformations into cis-4-hydroxy-L- (IV) and -D-pipecolic acid (V), so that 3 of the 4 optically active forms of 4-hydroxypipecolic acid were now available. A. oswaldii leaves (5.5 g.) extracted with alc. and chromatographed on sulfonated polystyrene gave 95 g. amino acids. The imino acids were extracted into Et2O as the N-nitroso derivatives The imino acids (46 g.) dissolved in 58 cc. refluxing H2O, the solution diluted with alc., and cooled gave 4-hydroxypipecolic acid. Purification gave 23 g. III, m. 285-6° (decomposition); II was obtained as the HCl salt, m. 256-8° (6.5 g. from 17.3 kg. leaves), [α]18D -10.5° (c 8, H2O). Separation of II and III was also achieved by selective elution from Zeo-Karb 225; III was eluted with 0.02-0.4N HCl, and II (and proline) with 0.4-0.8N acid. The mother liquors from III from 20 kg. leaves treated this way, and the column finally washed with 1.6N HCl gave 1.66 g. compound, m. 231-4° (decomposition), [α]24D 15° (c 1, H2O). Milled heartwood of A. excelsa (2094 g.) similarly worked up gave 4 g. III and 0.35 g. II. Similar extractions of other samples of A. excelsa heartwood gave 0.017-0.08% III and 0.001-0.01% II. III (0.01-0.03%) was also obtained from A. mollissima heartwood and sapwood. III isolated as described above was obtained as prisms, m. 294° (decomposition) (alc.), [α]20D -13° (c 1, H2O). III did not react with HIO4; the 1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) derivative formed prisms, m. 183°; Cu salt, blue prisms, m. 229° (decomposition). III on paper chromatograms sprayed with ninhydrin and heated 5-10 min. at 100-10° gave a greyish green to brownish purple color. III 1-benzoyl derivative obtained in 60-70% yield m. 174°, [α]15D -54° (c 1, alc.). Benzoylation of III with excess BzCl did not yield the dibenzoate. Heating the 1-benzoyl derivative of III caused epimerization at the 2-C atom. p-MeC6H4SO2Cl (0.95 g.) in Me2CO with 0.58 g. III gave 0.7 g. (-)-trans-4-hydroxy-1-p-toluenesulfonyl-L-pipecolic acid, m. 162° (EtOAc-C6H6), [α]19D -16° (c 1, alc.). PhNCO (0.6 g.) was added slowly during 10 min. to 0.58 g. III in 4 cc. N NaOH, diphenylurea precipitated, and the solution acidified to give 0.48 g. (-)-trans-4-hydroxy-1-phenylcarbamoyl-L-pipecolic acid (VI), m. 181-97°, [α]26D -24.5° (c 1, alc.). VI (1.49 g.) in refluxing H2O gave 1.05 g. (-)-trans-4′-hydroxy-3-phenylpiperidino[1′,2′:1,5] hydantoin (VII), prisms, m. 204-5°, [α]23D -53° (c 1, alc.). VII (0.61 g.) dissolved in 4.63 cc. N NaOH and the solution diluted gave [α]D -17°, [α]D -40° (after 3 hrs.) and [α]D -45.4° after 24 hrs. III (0.725 g.) in 25 cc. 50% aqueous C5H5N adjusted to pH 10 with 1.4 cc. N NaOH, 1.2 cc. phenylisothiocyanate added, the mixture shaken, extracted with C6H6, the aqueous layer acidified, and the solid collected gave 0.56 g. (-)-trans-3-phenyl-4′-phenylthiocarbamoyloxypiperidino[1′,2′:1,5]-2-thiohydantoin, m. 213-14°(alc.), [α]22D -74° (c 0.2, alc.). III (0.051 g.), 0.023 g. red P, and 1 cc. HI heated 6 hrs. at 145° in a sealed tube gave 0.0076 g. II. III (2 g.), 0.32 g. red P, and 20 cc. HI heated 12 hrs. at 150° in 4 sealed tubes and the solutions combined contained II and other components. The materials separated on Zeo-Karb gave 0.22 g. II.HCl. III (0.02 g.), 0.007 g. red P, and 0.2 HI was heated 12 hrs. at 145°, evaporated, the residue dissolved in H2O, and examined by paper chromatography; III was absent and the chromatogram showed II and compounds that were apparently 4-iodopipecolic acids. In the 2nd experiment the reduction mixture treated with Ag2CO3, the solids removed, and the aqueous phase chromatographed showed the presence of 2-amino-4-pentenoic acid (VIII) and baikiain (IX). VIII gave a purple color with ninhydrin at 110-15° and IX gave a gray-green color with ninhydrin and a pink color with isatin. III (0.02 g.) was heated 9 hrs. at 145° with 0.0035 g. red P, and 0.2 cc. HI, evaporated, the residue treated in H2O with Ag2CO3 and the Ag salts separated Half the supernatant solution was hydrogenated over PtO2 3 hrs. and chromatograms showed the presence of 2-aminopentanoic acid (norvaline), II, and a minor component. III (2 g.) in 8 cc. PhAc heated 1.5 hrs. at 190°, diluted with Et2O, and extracted with 2N HCl gave 0.52 g. 4-hydroxypiperidine, m. 55-65°; dimorphic 1-p-toluenesulfonate, m. 114-15° or 123-4°. CrO3 (8N) in 7.5 cc. aqueous H2SO4 added to 2.18 g. III in 150 cc. AcOH, left 1.5 hrs. at 20°, MeOH added, the next day the solution decanted, the solutions from 4 such reactions evaporated, diluted, and the components separated on Zeo-Karb gave β-alanine and II. The oxo acid fractions were combined and evaporated to give 1.28 g. 4-oxo-L-pipecolic acid-HCl-H2O (X), decomposing 203°, [α]21D 3.8° (c 2, H2O). The HCl salt (0.4 g.) eluted from a Zeo-Karb 225 column with N NH4OH gave 0.19 g. (-)-4-oxo-L-pipecolic acid, prisms, decomposing 240°, [α]23D -14.8° (c 1, H2O). β-Alanine fractions collected and evaporated gave 0.59 g. containing II, converted into 0.27 g. of the phenylcarbamoyl derivatives Authentic N-phenylcarbamoyl-β-alanine was obtained as blades, m. 173-4° (H2O). PhNCO (0.3 g.) added during 15 min. to 0.4 g. X in 8 cc. 0.5N NaOH, and the filtrate acidified gave 4′-oxo-3-phenylpiperidino(1′,2′:1,5)hydantoin (XI), m. 187°. XI (0.1 g.) in alc. showed mutarotation after 23 hrs. XI exhibited [α]23D -87° (c 0.366, alc.). X (2 g.) in 20 cc. H2O at pH 9 treated 1 hr. at room temperature with 0.112 g. NaBH4 and the product treated on Zeo-Karb 225 gave IV.H2O, plates, m. 265° (decomposition), [α]23D -17° (c 1.1, H2O). IV.2H2O m. 265° (decomposition); Cu salt, blue plates, m. 245° (decomposition); N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) derivative (62%), prisms, m. 134° (aqueous alc.). BzCl (0.15 g.) added portionwise to 0.163 g. IV.H2O in 3.2 cc. 0.7N NaOH, and the filtrate acidified gave, after 14 hrs. at 0°, 0.119 g. N-benzoyl derivative, blades, m. 104°, [α]23D -39.5° (c 1, alc.). The same product was obtained when 2.2 equivalents BzCl were used. Me 4-chloropicolinate (3.43 g.) in PhCH2OH treated portionwise with 1 g. Na in 30 cc. PhCH2OH, the mixture refluxed 45 min., 50 cc. H2O, 100 cc. Et2O, and 50 cc. 2N HCl added, the mixture shaken, the Et2O washed with dilute HCl, the acidic extracts combined, washed, and 50 cc. 5N NaOH added, and the mixture stored at 0° gave 3.65 g. Na 4-benzyloxypicolinate. Acidification gave 2.4 g. 4-benzyloxypicolinic acid (XII), prisms, m. 172° (alc.); 83% HCl.H2O salt, m. 162°. The HCl salt heated at 200° gave a liquid distillate consisting of PhCH2Cl and 0.15 g. 4-hydroxypicolinic acid (XIII), prisms, m. 258° (decomposition). Hydrogenation of 1 g. XII in 20 cc. 5N HCl at room temperature over PtO2 during 29 hrs. gave 0.52 g. XIII, m. 255-8°. Hydrogenation was inhibited in 1.5N NH3 but in AcOH at 65° hydrogenation gave II and III. XII (6.46 g.) in 50 cc. H2O hydrogenated 24 hrs. at 105°/70 atm. over 0.285 g. PtO2 and the acids isolated from the soluble mixture of 1.91 g. by paper chromatography gave after 24 hrs. bands of II and 4-hydroxypipecolic acids. The product (0.29 g.) in dilute HCl was concentrated to give 0.075 g. (±)-cis-4-hydroxypipecolic acid-HCl, prisms, m. 253-5° (decomposition). III (6 mg.) heated 9 hrs. at 145° in a sealed tube with 0.1 cc. N NaOH gave a mixture of cis and trans isomers; a trace of the epimer was similarly formed by heating in H2O alone, but not in N HCl. The epimeric mixture of imino acids formed by heating 5 mg. III in 0.3 cc. saturated aqueous Ba(OH)3 12 hrs. at 155° in a sealed tube was compared with a number of compounds III 1-benzoyl derivative (2.49 g.) heated 5 min. at 200°, refluxed 6.5 hrs. with 100 cc. 6N HCl, BzOH removed, and the aqueous layer paper chromatographed showed the presence of cis and trans-4-hydroxy acids in equal amounts III (2.9 g.) refluxed 4 hrs. with 30 cc. AcOH and 10.2 cc. Ac2O gave 1.1 g. (±)-1-acetyl-4-hydroxy-D-pipecolic lactone (XIV), plates, m. 148-9° (EtOAc), [α]24D 181° (c 1, alc.). XIV (1 g.) refluxed 3 hrs. with 50 cc. 2N HCl gave 0.74 g. V.2H2O, m. 266-9° (decomposition), [α]24D 17° (c 1, H2O). II was obtained from A. excelsa heartwood in prisms, m. 273-5° (decomposition); HCl salt, [α]22D -10.5° (c 6, H2O). N-Benzoyl-L-pipecolic acid crystallized as prisms, m. 133°, [α]22D -72° (c 1, alc.). 1-Phenylcarbamoyl-L-pipecolic acid (80%) formed prisms, m. 178°, [α]20D -39°. Recrystallization from refluxing H2O gave the optically inactive phenylhydantoin (XV), m. 159-60°. (±)-Pipecolic acid-HCl (m. 258-60°) was obtained in 91% yield by hydrogenation of 5 g. picolinic acid in 20 cc. 5N HCl over 0.2 g. PtO2 24 hrs. at 25 atm./60°. This salt (0.66 g.) in 8 cc. N NaOH treated with 0.59 g. PhNCO gave 0.81 g. (±)-1-phenylcarbamoylpipecolic acid, m. 138° and 156-8°. Recrystallization after refluxing 1 hr. with H2O gave XV. Et β-ethoxycarbonylaminopropionate (38.1 g.) and 34.4 g. Et fumarate were added successively to 350 cc. C6H6 and 4.6 g. Na (the temperature rose to b.p. during 45 min.) the mixture finally refluxed 0.5 hr., diluted with Et2O, extracted with Et2O, washed, the strongly acidic solution saturated with NaCl, extracted with EtOAc, washed, dried, and the solvent evaporated gave 53.5 g. oil. The oil dissolved in 10N HCl, evaporated, and the residue refluxed 4.5 hrs. with 150 cc. alc. saturated with HCl gave 24.2 g. Et 1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-oxopyrrolidine-2-ylacetate (XVI), b0.3 122-8°; semicarbazone, m. 124°; dimorphic 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, orange plates, m. 112-13°, or prisms, m. 135°. NaBH4 (0.38 g.) in 1 cc. H2O added during 10 min. at 15° to 4.86 g. XVI gave after chromatography 0.51 g. 3-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-ylacetic acid-H2O, prisms, m. 215-16° (decomposition); N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) derivative, prisms, m. 205° (aqueous alc.). The imino acid was recovered after treatment with HNO2. The phenylcarbamoyl derivative lost the elements of H2O to give the lactone, prisms, m. 168°. The lactone was recovered after heating 8 hrs. on a steam bath with 3N HCl.

In some applications, this compound(22468-26-4)Safety of 4-Hydroxypicolinic acid is unique.If you want to know more details about this compound, you can contact with the author or consult more relevant literature.

Reference:
Chiral Catalysts,
Chiral catalysts – SlideShare

Most of the compounds have physiologically active properties, and their biological properties are often attributed to the heteroatoms contained in their molecules, and most of these heteroatoms also appear in cyclic structures. A Journal, Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii called Reactions of etherates of tin and titanium tetrachlorides. III. Reactions of dioxane and tetrahydrofuran with organic acid chlorides in the presence of tin and titanium tetrachlorides, Author is Gol’dfarb, Ya. L.; Smorgonskii, L. M., which mentions a compound: 542-58-5, SMILESS is CC(OCCCl)=O, Molecular C4H7ClO2, Quality Control of 2-Chloroethyl acetate.

cf. C. A. 31, 6613.1. Condensation of dioxane (I) and tetrahydrofuran (II) and an organic acid chloride with SnCl4 and TiCl4 leads to ring rupture of I and II and the formation of β- and δ-chloroalkyl esters, resp., as the chief products. The reaction of 1 mol. each of I and BzCl with 2 mols. TiCl4 at 150-80° for 10 hrs., decomposition with ice and HCl, extraction with Et2O, washing of the extract with cold dilute NH4OH and H2O, removal of the Et2O and distillation of the residue afforded 70% BzOCH2CH2Cl (III), b751 263°, b10 134°. If SnCl4 is used, 68% III and 4.7 g. BzOCH2CH2OBz (IV) are formed. Heating III alone or with SnCl4 at 180-200° for 25 hrs. gave IV. While I and AcCl do not react in the presence of TiCl4, the reaction with SnCl4 and heating 30 hrs. give 16% AcOCH2CH2Cl, b. 145-7°, and a considerable amount of a high-boiling nonisolatable Cl product. Refluxing I and BzCl with TiCl4 or SnCl4 in C6H6 on a water bath for 16 hrs. yielded 79.5% BzO(CH2)3CH2Cl, b5.5 144-5°, dD20 1.159, nD20 1.5218, M. R.D 55.89, and a little BzO(CH2)4OBz (V), m. 80-1°. Under the same conditions 5 g. I, 5.6 g. AcCl and 9.4 g. SnCl4 in 25 ml. C6H6 gave AcO(CH2)3CH2Cl, b. 187-90°. The possible scheme of the formation of IV and V is: 2 BzO(CH2)nCl = BzO(CH2)nOBz + Cl(CH2)nCl.

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Reference:
Chiral Catalysts,
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Eisenhart, Andrew E.; Beck, Thomas L. published the article 《Specific Ion Solvation and Pairing Effects in Glycerol Carbonate》. Keywords: solvation ion pairing glycerol carbonate solvent DFT MD simulation; halide alkali ion solvation glycerol carbonate solvent DFT MD.They researched the compound: 4-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one( cas:931-40-8 ).Computed Properties of C4H6O4. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocyclic and fused heterocyclic. In addition, there is a lot of other information about this compound (cas:931-40-8) here.

Identifying the driving forces behind the solvation of inorganic salts by nonaqueous solvents is an important step in the development of green solvents. Here we focus on one promising solvent: glycerol carbonate (GC). Using ab initio mol. dynamics simulations, we build upon our previous work by detailing glycerol carbonate’s interactions with a series of anions, a lithium ion, and the LiF ion pair. Through these investigations, we highlight the changes in solvation behavior as the anion size increases, the competition of binding shown by lithium for the oxygens of GC, and the behavior of the LiF ion pair in a GC solution These results indicate the importance of the cation’s identity in ion-pairing structure and dynamics and lend insight into the key factors behind the specific ion effects seen in GC.

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Chiral Catalysts,
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Application In Synthesis of H-Leu-NH2.HCl. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: H-Leu-NH2.HCl, is researched, Molecular C6H15ClN2O, CAS is 10466-61-2, about Semisynthesis of human growth hormone-releasing factor by trypsin catalyzed coupling of leucine amide to a C-terminal acid precursor. Author is Bongers, Jacob; Offord, Robin E.; Felix, Arthur M.; Campbell, Robert M.; Heimer, Edgar P..

Human growth hormone-releasing factor, GRF(1-44)-NH2, was synthesized by trypsin catalyzed coupling of Leu-NH2 to Arg43 of the precursor, GRF(1-43)-OH, prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis. The semisynthetic GRF(1-44)-NH2 was fully characterized and showed full potency in the rat pituitary in vitro bioassay. Conversion to GRF(1-44)-NH2 was limited to 60-70% in both 75% v:v N,N-dimethylacetamide and 95% v:v 1,4-butanediol, due to competing transpeptidations at Arg41 and Arg38 generating [Leu42]-GRF(1-42)-NH2 and [Leu39]-GRF(1-39)-NH2 side products, resp. The rates of formation and yields of GRF(1-44)-NH2 vs. pH, Leu-NH2 concentration, and solvent composition were also studied.

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Chiral Catalysts,
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In organic chemistry, atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are generally referred to as heteroatoms. The most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Now I present to you an article called Mechanism of the aminolysis of acetate esters, published in 1974, which mentions a compound: 542-58-5, mainly applied to hydrazinolysis ester kinetics, Reference of 2-Chloroethyl acetate.

The kinetics of the hydrazinolysis and hydrolysis of alkyl and aryl acetates were determined by measuring the rate of ester disappearance by conversion to the corresponding hydroxamic acid for the alkyl acetates and spectrophotometrically (uv) for the aryl acetates. The mechanisms for these reactions were discussed.

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Chiral Catalysts,
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Teng, Wai Keng; Yusoff, Rozita; Aroua, Mohamed Kheireddine; Ngoh, Gek Cheng published an article about the compound: 4-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one( cas:931-40-8,SMILESS:O=C1OCC(CO)O1 ).HPLC of Formula: 931-40-8. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:931-40-8) through the article.

The production of glycerol carbonate (GC) from industrial grade crude glycerol was catalyzed by calcium oxide (CaO) via microwave assisted transesterification (MAT). Influencing process parameters including reaction temperature, time and molar ratio of di-Me carbonate/glycerol (DMC/Gly) were examined and optimized by applying Box Behnken Design (BBD). The reaction was modeled into a reduced cubic model with good predictive accuracy. A high GC yield of 99.5% was achieved with 1 wt% CaO at optimized conditions such as reaction temperature of 65°C, reaction time of 3 min and DMC/Gly molar ratio of 2.5. The study performed on the reaction kinetics suggests that the reaction follows an irreversible second order rate equation. A relatively low activation energy of 4.53 kJ mol-1 was determined for the microwave assisted transesterification of crude glycerol for the production of GC. The values of rate constants between 45°C to 65°C were in the range of 0.023-0.026 L mol-1 min-1, which are of one magnitude order higher than that of the conventional heating.

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The three-dimensional configuration of the ester heterocycle is basically the same as that of the carbocycle. Compound: 4-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one(SMILESS: O=C1OCC(CO)O1,cas:931-40-8) is researched.Electric Literature of C6H8N2. The article 《Studies on green synthesis of glycerol carbonate from waste cooking oil derived glycerol over an economically viable NiMgOx heterogeneous solid base catalyst》 in relation to this compound, is published in Journal of Cleaner Production. Let’s take a look at the latest research on this compound (cas:931-40-8).

The present study includes the transesterification reaction of waste glycerol produced in biodiesel industries with di-Me carbonate (DMC) in presence of magnesium nickel-based mixed oxide, an economically and highly potent cost-effective heterogeneous base catalyst. The catalyst was synthesized in different molar ratios via co-precipitation route. The main objective of this work is value addition of bio glycerol which is major drawbacks in biodiesel industries and economization of biodiesel production process through one of the value added product glycerol carbonate. First-time Ni Mg based mixed oxide catalyst was used in glycerol carbonate synthesis and obtained 82% yield at optimized reaction condition. The physicochem. characteristics of catalysts were analyzed through powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDX, N2-sorption, XPS, FTIR spectroscopy, TGA-DSC. The Gibbs free energy change (ΔG#) and enthalpy of activation (ΔH#) for transesterification reaction of glycerol was found to be 16.547 kJ mol-1 and118.73 kJmol-1 resp. The pos. value of Gibbs free energy change suggested the transesterification of glycerol followed endothermic non spontaneous pathway. Optimization of several reaction parameters like reaction time, temperature, DMC to GLY molar ratio, Catalyst loading percentage were well explained also the green chem. metrices of the catalyst was studied and found to be very suitable for transesterification reaction of glycerol.

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Dong, Wenjiang; Hu, Rongsuo; Long, Yuzhou; Li, Hehe; Zhang, Yanjun; Zhu, Kexue; Chu, Zhong published an article about the compound: 2-Ethylpyrazine( cas:13925-00-3,SMILESS:CCC1=NC=CN=C1 ).Electric Literature of C6H8N2. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:13925-00-3) through the article.

In this study, room-temperature drying, solar drying, heat pump drying (HPD), hot-air drying, and freeze drying were applied to investigate the volatile profiles and taste properties of roasted coffee beans by using electronic nose, electronic tongue, and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Results indicated that the drying process markedly affected pH, total titratable acidity, total solids, and total soluble solids. Significant differences existed among all samples based on drying method; and the HPD method was superior for preserving ketones, phenols, and esters. Principal component anal. (PCA) combined with E-nose and E-tongue radar charts as well as the fingerprint of HS-SPME-GC-MS could clearly discriminate samples from different drying methods, with results obtained from hierarchical cluster anal. (the Euclidean distance is 0.75) being in agreement with those of PCA. These findings may provide a theor. basis for the dehydration of coffee beans and other similar thermo-sensitive agricultural products.

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Epoxy compounds usually have stronger nucleophilic ability, because the alkyl group on the oxygen atom makes the bond angle smaller, which makes the lone pair of electrons react more dissimilarly with the electron-deficient system. Compound: 2-Ethylpyrazine, is researched, Molecular C6H8N2, CAS is 13925-00-3, about Improving the Flavor and Oxidation Resistance of Processed Sunflower Seeds with Maillard Peptides.Name: 2-Ethylpyrazine.

In order to give the boiled sunflower seeds the rich taste, caramel aroma, and improved oxidation resistance, Maillard peptides were added to sunflower seeds in this research. Sunflower seeds sample 5 (SFS5) and sunflower seeds sample 2 (SFS2) were prepared by adding Maillard peptides of sunflower seeds (K), gluten (G), and corn (Y), at different ratio (SFS2, K:G = 8:2; SFS5, K:G:Y = 8:1:1). Component anal. showed that SFS5 and SFS2 were significantly higher in umami amino acids than the control (SFS0) without Maillard peptides. SFS5 and SFS2 contained more hybrid compounds such as pyrazines and furans which contributed to the caramel aroma of sunflower seeds. Electronic tongue anal. revealed the higher response values of umami, salty, and continuity taste for SFS5 and SFS2 than those of SFS0. Sensory evaluation results showed that the sunflower flavor, caramel aroma, umami characteristic, and overall acceptability of SFS5 and SFS2 were higher than that of SFS0. The chem. results showed that under accelerated oxidation, the SFS5 and SFS2 had significantly lower peroxide value and acid value than SFS0.

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Reference:
Chiral Catalysts,
Chiral catalysts – SlideShare